Enderun School () was a palace school and boarding school within Topkapi Palace. It was mostly for princes of the court and the Janissaries of the Ottoman Empire. Students here were primarily recruited via devşirme,[Kemal H Karpat "Social Change and Politics in Turkey: A Structural-Historical Analysis" page 204] Over the centuries, the Enderun School was fairly successful in generating Ottoman statesmen by drawing among the empire's various ethnic groups and giving them a common Muslim education. The school was run by the "Inner Service" ( Enderûn) of the Ottoman palace and had both academic and military purposes.
The Enderun School's gifted education program has been called the world's first institutionalized education for the gifted.[Senel, H. G. (1998). Special education in Turkey. European Journal of Special Needs Education 13, 254–261.][Cakin, N. (2005). Bilim ve sanat merkezine zihinsel alandan devam eden ogrencilerin akranlari ile okul basarilari acisindan karsilastirilmasi. Unpublished masters thesis, Afyon Kocatepe Universitesi, Afyon, Turkey.][Melekoglu, M. A., Cakiroglu, O. & Malmgren, K. W. (2009). Special education in Turkey. International Journal of Inclusive Education 13(3), 287–298. ERIC EJ857857]
History
The growth of Ottoman Empire is attributed and was dependent on the selection and education of statesmen. A vital component of
Mehmet II's goal to revive the Ottoman Empire was to establish a special school to select the best youngsters within the empire and to mould them for government. Mehmet II improved the existing palace school founded by his father,
Murat II and established the Enderun Academy (Enderun) in Istanbul.
[Corlu, M. S., Burlbaw, L.M., Capraro, R. M., Han, S., & Corlu, M. A. (2010). The Ottoman palace school and the man with multiple talents, Matrakçı Nasuh. Journal of the Korea Society of Mathematical Education Series D: Research in Mathematical Education, 14(1), p. 19-31.]
Buildings
The third courtyard of the Topkapi Palace was surrounded by the Imperial Treasury, the Pavilion of the Holy Mantle, and the buildings of the
Palace School, which educated the top tier of students from Enderun as well as princes of the House of Osman. There were seven halls or grades within the Palace School, and within each hall there were 12 teachers responsible for the students' mental and academic development. Students wore special uniforms designated by their achievement level.
[Deri, M. (2009). Osmanlı Devletini cihan devleti yapan kurum: Enderun Mektebi. Populer Tarih. Retrieved from http://www.populertarih.com/osmanli-devletini-cihan-devleti-yapan-kurum-enderun-mektebi/ ] Additional buildings included the library, mosque, music conservatories, dormitories, and baths.
[Miller, B. (1973). The palace school of Muhammad the Conqueror (Reprint ed.). NY: Arno Press.]
Curriculum
The Enderun system consisted of three preparatory schools located outside of the palace in addition to the one within the palace walls itself. According to Miller,
there were 1,000–2,000 students in three Enderun Colleges, and about 300 students in the top school in the Palace. The curriculum was divided into five main divisions:
[Ipsirli, M. (1995). Enderun. In Diyanet Islam ansiklopedisi (Vol. XI, pp. 185–187). Istanbul, Turkey: Turkiye Diyanet Vakfi.][Akkutay, U. (1984). Enderun mektebi. Ankara, Turkey: Gazi Üniversitesi Eğitim Fak. Yay.][Basgoz, I. & Wilson, H. E. (1989). The educational tradition of the Ottoman Empire and the development of the Turkish educational system of the republican era. Turkish Review 3(16), 15.]
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Islamic sciences; including Arabic, Turkish and Persian language education
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Positive sciences; mathematics, astronomy, medicine, geography
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History, law, and administration: the customs of the Palace and government issues
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Vocational studies, including art and music education
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Physical training, including weaponry
At the end of the Enderun school system, the graduates would be able to speak, read, and write at least three languages, able to understand the latest developments in science, have at least a craft or art, and excel in army command as well as in close combat skills.
Graduation
The graduation ceremony for students leaving the Enderun School was known as çıkma.
The graduates themselves were referred to as çıkma.
The word çıkma literally means "who has exited". The pages were leaving Palace School and palace service to continue their training in the functional service.
This "transferral" occurred every two to seven years, or after the accession of new sultan to the throne.
The successful graduates were assigned according to their abilities into two mainstream positions: governmental or science,[Armagan, A. (2006). Osmanlı’da ustün yetenekliler fabrikası: Enderun Mektebi. Yeni Dünya Dergisi 10, 32.] and those who failed to advance were assigned to military. One of the most distinctive properties of the school was its merit system consisting of carefully graded rewards and corresponding punishments.
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